AstraZeneca
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| Type | Public LSE, NYSE and OMX: AZN |
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| Founded | 6 April 1999 by merger |
| Headquarters |  London, United Kingdom Södertälje, Sweden |
| Key people | Louis Schweitzer, Chairman David R. Brennan, CEO |
| Industry | Pharmaceutical |
| Products | Pharmaceutical products for humans |
| Revenue | $31,601 million (2008) |
| Operating income | $9,144 million (2008) |
| Net income | $6,130 million (2008) |
| Employees | 66,100 (2008) |
| Website | www.astrazeneca.com |
AstraZeneca plc[1] (LSE: AZN, OMX: AZN, NYSE: AZN), is a large Anglo-Swedish pharmaceutical company formed on 6 April 1999 by the remerger of Swedish Astra AB and British Zeneca Group plc. Zeneca had been part of Imperial Chemical Industries, as 3 divisions that were spun off from ICI on 1 June 1993.[2][3] The Company is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index.
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[edit] History
The company's origins date from 1912, when Atlas Chemical Industries was founded by demerger from DuPont in Wilmington in 1912. Subsequently, Atlas Chemical Industries acquired Stuart Pharmaceuticals (founded by Arthur Hanisch in Pasadena in 1941) in 1961 before itself being bought by Imperial Chemical Industries in 1972. In 1993 Imperial Chemical Industries demerged this pharmaceuticals business, as well as its agrochemicals and specialties businesses, to form Zeneca Group plc.[4]
Astra AB was founded in 1913 by 400 doctors and apothecaries in Södertälje in Sweden.[5] In 1949 the company developed Xylocaine, a local anesthetic. In 1994 the company formed a joint venture with Merck to market Losec, an ulcer treatment drug.[4]
In 1999 Astra AB and Zeneca Group plc merged to form AstraZeneca plc.[4]
In 2005 the Company announced an arrangement with Astex for the discovery, development and commercialisation of novel small molecule inhibitors of Protein Kinase B for use as anti-cancer agents.[6] In the same year it announced a collaboration with Avanir for research and licensing in the area of Reverse Cholesterol Transport (RCT) enhancing compounds for the treatment of cardiovascular disease.[7] It also announced an alliance with Schering AG for research and licensing in the area of selective glucocorticoid receptor agonists (SEGRAs).[8] It also announced that it had become a Diamond Member of the Pennsylvania Bio commerce organization.[9]
In 2006 AstraZeneca, following a collaborative relationship begun in 2004,[10] acquired Cambridge Antibody Technology.[11]
Also in 2006 it formed an alliance with Abbott Laboratories in relation to Crestor and TriCor, commencing that year and extending to at least 2009.[12]
In 2007 it reported that it had entered into an alliance with Bristol-Myers Squibb to form a world wide collaboration to develop and commercialize two investigational drugs (saxagliptin and dapagliflozin) beginning from 2007.[13]
Also in 2007 AstraZeneca acquired MedImmune for about $15.2 billion. [14][15]
[edit] Operations
AstraZeneca develops, manufactures, and sells pharmaceuticals to treat disorders in the gastrointestinal, cardiac and vascular, neurological and psychiatric, infection, respiratory, pathological inflammation and oncology areas.
The corporate headquarters are in London, England, the research and development (R&D) headquarters are in Södertälje, Sweden. Major R&D centres are located in the United States, United Kingdom, Sweden and India. Zeneca has a large Research & Development Centre in grounds east of the A34 road south of Alderley Edge and north of Monk's Heath in Cheshire in England; this centre acts as one of Zeneca's main hubs.
[edit] Products
AstraZeneca specialises in prescription medicines to fight disease in several therapeutic areas. Year-on sales information can be found through AstraZeneca Annual Reports.[16] The following is a list of key products found on the AstraZeneca website.[17] Generic drug names are given in brackets following the brand name.
- Gastrointestinal
- Entocort (budesonide)
- Losec and Prilosec (omeprazole)
- Nexium (esomeprazole; S-stereoisomer of Losec)
- Cardiovascular
- Atacand (candesartan)
- Crestor (rosuvastatin; 2003 launch)
- Exanta (ximelagatran; 2004 launch; not approved in the United States)
- Imdur (isosorbide mononitrate)
- Inderal (propranolol)
- Lexxel (enalapril/felodipine ER; available only in the United States)
- Logimax (felodipine/metoprolol ER)
- Nif-Ten (nifedipine/atenolol)
- Plendil (felodipine)
- Ramace (ramipril)
- Seloken XL and Toprol-XL (metoprolol; #1 beta blocker by sales globally in 2004)
- Tenoretic (atenolol/chlortalidone)
- Tenormin (atenolol)
- Unimax (felodipine/ramipril)
- Zestoretic (lisinopril/hydrochlorothiazide)
- Zestril (lisinopril)
- Respiratory and Inflammation
- Accolate (zafirlukast)
- Bambec (bambuterol)
- Bricanyl (terbutaline)
- Oxis (formoterol)
- Pulmicort, Rhinocort (budesonide)
- Symbicort (budesonide/formoterol)
- Oncology
- Arimidex (anastrozole)
- Casodex (bicalutamide)
- Faslodex (fulvestrant)
- Iressa (gefitinib)
- Nolvadex (tamoxifen)
- Tomudex (raltitrexed)
- Zoladex (goserelin)
- in development
- Neuroscience
- Heminevrin (clomethiazole)
- Mysoline (primidone; handed over to Acorus Therapeutics Ltd. in July 2004)
- Seroquel (quetiapine)
- Vivalan (viloxazine)
- Zomig (zolmitriptan)
- Anaesthetics
- Carbocaine (mepivacaine)
- Citanest (prilocaine)
- Diprivan (propofol)
- EMLA (lidocaine/prilocaine)
- Marcaine and Sensorcaine (bupivacaine)
- Naropin (ropivacaine)
- Xylocaine (lidocaine)
- Xyloproct (lidocaine/hydrocortisone)
[edit] Controversies
[edit] Seroquel: adverse effects and trial procedures
AstraZeneca has stated that the atypical antipsychotic drug, Seroquel, is the subject of four class action lawsuits in Canada. Also, in the US, there were multiple product liability cases alleging personal injury, namely, that Seroquel caused people to develop diabetes.
The company has indicated its intention to seek approval for Seroquel to treat psychiatric conditions such as depression and general anxiety disorder.[18]
Note as well that scientific findings regarding a new sustained release form of the drug were announced at a conference in Madrid in March 2007. At the time the data regarding the new drug were discussed, it had not been approved for sale by any health regulatory body in any country.[19]
During 2005 and 2006 clinical trials were carried out to examine the possibilities of furher development of Seroquel. Test persons were recruited from reserach centers in Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Bulgaria and India. As part of the trials half of the test persons were given a placebo and stopped their medication. As a result 36 test persons relapsed into illness. One test person committed suicide possibly as a result of quitting his medication. Astra Zeneca denied that the suicide was related to the testing procedures. Ethical concerns were raised over the issue of carrying out trials in less developed countries because of lower requirements for getting trials approved and overall lower trial costs. In 2008 45% of the test persons in Astra Zeneca medical trials came from South-America, Asia, Eastern- and Central Europe. The same year 13,5% of the total sales were made in these regions. In contrast 86% of total sales were made in Western Europe, North America and Japan.[20][21]
[edit] Late stage trial failures
AstraZeneca has experienced a run of failures of drugs in late-stage clinical trials.[22] These include Galida for diabetes, Exanta to prevent thrombosis, NXY-059[23] for acute ischemic stroke, Iressa for lung cancer, and AGI-1067 for prevention of atherosclerosis. With patents expiring on older drugs, this threatens future revenue growth.
[edit] MedImmune takeover
After this long run of failed late-stage clinical trials, in April 2007 AstraZeneca bought vaccine maker MedImmune, paying $15.2 billion primarily for its drug development pipeline. Analysts have criticized this take-over, claiming that AstraZeneca paid too much.[24]
[edit] Nexium
The company's most successful medication is Omeprazole. When it is manufactured the result is a mixture of two mirror-imaged molecules, R and S. Both are converted to the same active molecule in the body. Two years before the omeprazole patent expired Astra Zeneca patented S-omeprazole in pure form, pointing that since some people metabolise R-omeprazole slowly, pure S-omeprazole treatment would give higher dose efficiency and less interindividual variation. [25] The company marketed Nexium, as it would be a brand new drug. This practice is criticised because it maintains the profits of drug companies at the expense of patients and public healthcare systems.[26]
On 16th of August, 2007, Marcia Angell, former editor-in-chief of the New England Journal of Medicine and Harvard Medical School lecturer in social medicine, alleged in the German magazine "Stern" that AstraZeneca's scientists had doctored their research on the drug's efficiency:
Instead of using presumably comparable doses [of each drug], the company's scientists used Nexium in higher dosages. They compared 20 and 40mg Nexium with 20mg Prilosec. With the cards having been marked in that way, Nexium looked like an improvement- which however was only small and shown in only two of the three studies.
Nexium is also alleged by the authors to be "the top of the list" of medications which are marketed by pharmaceutical companies directly to doctors, who receive gifts of money and/or goods when they prescribe the medication in question. As a reason for the company's behaviour, it is alleged that the German public healthcare system spends an additional €99 million per annum on Nexium as compared to using Omeprazole, which however would be less profitable for the company as its patent protection has expired.[27]
[edit] Malaria drugs
Chloroquine and Paludrine were marketed with diminutive vague health warnings inside the boxes. Rather than specifying "depression", Zeneca used the term "changes in mood". Also "panic attacks and anxiety" were not mentioned, only "fits and seizures", in effect hiding information about mental effects, as it was more widely reported. As a result of these understatements, thousands of people went on holiday carrying up to 365 days dosage of these drugs, without any understanding that if they were experiencing black moods after a couple of months, the medication should be discontinued. In 1998 the University of Edinburgh department of tropical medicine conducted a study on over 100 gap year students that had been abroad. It found that 31.8% of them that had taken the antiprophylactics for over three months complained of depression compared to 12.4% of students that had taken a holiday but not taken Chloroquine or Paludrine at all. Neither Zeneca nor the NHS replied to the findings of the study. The conclusion of the study was that Chloroquine and Paludrine cause a slow and gradual depression, and that the NHS were widely prescribing double dosages of the drug without any health warnings.
[edit] Corporate sexual harassment
Confronted by allegations in a 13 May 1996, Business Week cover story, of widespread sexual harassment and other abuses, Astra USA Inc. suspended three top executives and launched an internal probe.[28]
On 26 June, the parent company announced that it had fired Astra USA President and CEO Lars Bildman without severance pay. Carl-Gustav Johansson, an Astra executive vice-president, says the investigation found that Bildman had "exhibited inappropriate behavior at company functions" and had "abused his power." He was also accused of misappropriation of funds, diverting them for personal expenses such as "lavish trips" and "extensive renovations for his home." Another suspended executive, George Roadman, was also fired, while a third, Edward Aarons, resigned. A senior executive in Sweden, Anders Lonner, was asked to resign for failing to report the misconduct to superiors, Astra says.
Astra USA agreed to pay $9.85 million to settle a suit brought by at least 79 women and one man against the company. The suit accused Astra's former president and other executives of pressuring female employees for sex and replacing older workers with younger, more attractive women. It was the biggest sexual harassment settlement ever obtained by the United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.
[edit] Bildman fraud
On 4 February 1998, Astra USA sued former president and CEO Lars Bildman, seeking $15 million for defrauding the company.[29] The sum included $2.3 million in company funds he allegedly used to fix up three of his homes, plus money the company paid as the result of the EEOC investigation. Astra's lawsuit alleged Bildman sexually harassed and intimidated employees, used company funds for yachts and prostitutes, destroyed documents and records, and concocted "tales of conspiracy involving ex-KGB agents and competitors … in a last-ditch effort to distract attention from the real wrongdoer, Bildman himself." Bildman had already plead guilty in U.S. District Court for failing to report more than $1 million in income on his tax returns; in addition, several female co-workers filed personal sexual-harassment lawsuits.
[edit] Nobel Prize investigation 2008
In 2008, the Nobel Prize in Medicine for cancer-related research on Human Papilloma Virus by Harald zur Hausen was being looked into by the Swedish police anticorruption unit. The reason was that AstraZeneca, which has a stake in two lucrative HPV vaccines and thus stands to financially gain from the prize, had agreed to sponsor Nobel Media and Nobel Web. According to Times Online, two senior figures in the process that chose Mr zur Hausen also had strong links with AstraZeneca.[30]
[edit] Alleged Wikipedia editing
In 2007 a comment on the company's Wikipedia article regarding claimed side effects of Seroquel were deleted by a user of a computer shown to be registered to AstraZeneca. The company stated that they would investigate the claim. [31]
[edit] Senior management
The Senior Executive Team (SET) is David Brennan, Simon Lowth, John Patterson, Tony Zook, David Mott, Bruno Angelici, Lynn Tetrault, Jan Lundberg and David Smith.
Current members of the board of directors of AstraZeneca are: Louis Schweitzer, David Brennan, Jane Henney, Marcus Wallenberg, Robert Mariusz Naruszewicz, John Patterson, Håkan Mogren, Dame Nancy Rothwell, Bo Angelin, Michele Hooper, John Varley,Fiona Paisley, John Buchanan and Jean-Philippe Courtois.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ Standard practice is that the name be pronounced as "Astra Zeneca" rather than "Astrazeneca"
- ^ AstraZeneca - History, merger of Astra AB and Zeneca Group plc Retrieved 2005-03-20
- ^ AstraZeneca: Merger partners in brief Retrieved 2005-03-20
- ^ a b c AstraZeneca US History
- ^ "Organizational Portraits - AstraZeneca", The Pharmaceutical Century: Ten Decades of Drug Discovery, Washington, DC: ACS Publications, 17 November 2000, http://pubs.acs.org/journals/pharmcent/company3.html, retrieved on 2008-07-14
- ^ Press release, 27 July 2005
- ^ Press release, 11 July 2005
- ^ Press release, 27 July 2005
- ^ "Pennsylvania Bio - Member Listings". Pennsylvania Bio web site. http://www.pennsylvaniabio.org/membership/listings.asp. Retrieved on 8 October 2005.
- ^ AstraZeneca (22 November 2004). AstraZeneca and Cambridge Antibody Technology announce major strategic alliance to discover and develop human antibody therapeutics in inflammatory disorders. Press release. http://www.astrazeneca.com/pressrelease/3878.aspx. Retrieved on 2007-04-25.
- ^ "AstraZeneca To Acquire Cambridge Antibody for $1.3B". MarketWatch from Dow Jones (PharmaWeek). 2006-05-15. http://www.pharmaweek.com/TopNews/AstraZeneca%20To%20Acquire.asp. Retrieved on 2007-04-25.15 May 2006 MarketWatch report
- ^ Press release, 5 July 2006
- ^ Press Release 11 January 2007
- ^ AstraZeneca (7 July 2006). Recommended Cash Offer by AstraZeneca UK Limited for Cambridge Antibody Technology Group plc Posting of Compulsory Acquisition Notices. Press release. http://www.astrazeneca.com/pressrelease/5252.aspx. Retrieved on 2007-04-25.
- ^ MedImmune's corporate history
- ^ AstraZeneca annual reports
- ^ AstraZeneca UK website, retrieved 2005-03-27
- ^ "AstraZeneca Pipeline Summary February 2008". AstraZeneca Corporate Website. http://www.astrazeneca.com/article/511390.aspx#lineextensions. Retrieved on 2008-02-28.
- ^ Seroquel Sustained Release Schizophrenia Data Presented at ECP Congress in Madrid
- ^ Retrieved from Swedish Public Radio (SR) homepage on 2009-03-27
- ^ Svenska Dagbladet Homepage. Published and retrieved on 2009-03-29.
- ^ AstraZeneca, struggling to develop new medicines, agrees to buy MedImmune
- ^ Once-Promising Stroke Drug Fails in Trial
- ^ AstraZeneca's big, risky $15 billion bet
- ^ United States Patent 5,877,192 [1]
- ^ Gladwell, Malcolm (25 October 2004). "High Prices: How to think about prescription drugs". The New Yorker.
- ^ Grill, Markus and Hansen, Hans (2007): "Vorsicht, Pharma! Wie die Industrie Ärzte manipuliert und Patienten täuscht." ('Caution, Pharma! How the industry manipulates physicians and deceives patients.') Published in the 16.08.2007 issue of the magazine "Stern" (Germany; pp. 100-107). Available as an e-paper here
- ^ Business Week
- ^ Business Week
- ^ Times Online December 19, 2008: AstraZeneca row as corruption claims engulf Nobel prize
- ^ Times Online 2007-08-16. Retrieved 2009-03-27
[edit] External links
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