Evolutionary psychology of religion
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Evolutionary psychology of religion is based on the hypothesis that religious belief can be explained by the evolution of the human brain. As with all other organ functions, cognition's functional structure has been argued to have a genetic basis, and is therefore subject to the effects of natural selection. Like other organs and tissues, this functional structure should be universally shared amongst humans and should solve important problems of survival and reproduction. Evolutionary psychologists seek to understand cognitive processes by understanding the survival and reproductive functions they might serve, and some have theorized that Voltaire's famous saying "if God did not exist, it would be necessary to invent Him" can thus be argued in a scientific context.
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[edit] Psychological processes
Pascal Boyer suggests, in his book Religion Explained, that there is no simple explanation for religious consciousness. He builds on the ideas of cognitive anthropologists Dan Sperber and Scott Atran, who argued that religious cognition represents a by-product of various evolutionary adaptations, including folk psychology, and purposeful violations of innate expectations about how the world is constructed (for example, bodiless beings with thoughts and emotions) that make religious cognitions striking and memorable.
Boyer's friend and colleague Justin L. Barrett in Why Would Anyone Believe in God? suggests that belief in God is natural because it depends on mental tools possessed by all human beings. He suggests that the way our minds are structured and develop make belief in the existence of a supreme god with properties such as being superknowing, superpowerful and immortal highly attractive[1]. He also compares belief in God to belief in other minds, and devotes a chapter to looking at the evolutionary psychology of atheism.
[edit] Cognitive studies
There is general agreement among cognitive scientists that a propensity to follow religions evolved early in human history. However, there is disagreement on the exact mechanisms that drove the evolution of the religious mind. There are two schools of thought. One is that religion evolved due to natural selection, in which case religion conferred some sort of evolutionary advantage. This view finds some support in the controversial studies that show positive associations between religious practice and health and longevity[2][3]. Proponents of this view include David Sloan Wilson.[4]
The other hypothesis posits that religion is an evolutionary byproduct[4], a neurological accident. Stephen Jay Gould was a proponent of this hypothesis. He believed that religion was an exaptation or a Spandrel.[5]That is religion evolved as byproduct of psychological mechanisms that evolved on the basis of conferring other evolutionary benefits, but confers no particular benefit on its followers.[6][7][8]
[edit] Mechanisms
There are a variety of evolutionary hypotheses that relate to the origin of religious beliefs. These hypotheses fall into two main groups. The first school of thought holds that religion is an adaptation that evolved by natural selection. Processes associated with this view include, reciprocal altruism, group selection and kin selection Alternatively religious beliefs may have emerged as a byproduct of other mental traits[4].Processes associated with this view include hyperactive agency detection. Memes may relate to both views, in that they are adaptive for the meme but not for the host.[4] Ara Norenzayan and Azim Shariff draw on evidence from psychology, anthropology, and economics, to suggest that sincere belief in morally concerned gods facilitated cooperation and trust. This in turn may have been a factor in the rise of large, stable cooperative groups, leading to the further spread of these particular religious thoughts. [9] However several evolutionary scenarios are compatible with these observations, and continue to be open to scientific debate.
[edit] Hyperactive agency detection
Justin Barrett suggests that one of the fundamental mental modules is the Hyperactive Agency Detection Device (HADD). Detecting agency may confer a survival benefit even if it is over-sensitive: better avoid an imaginary predator than be killed by a real one. This would tend to encourage belief in ghosts and spirits [10]
[edit] Memes
Richard Dawkins suggests in The Selfish Gene that cultural memes function like genes in that they are subject to natural selection. In The God Delusion Dawkins further argues that because religious truths cannot be questioned, their very nature encourages religions to spread like "mind viruses".
[edit] See also
- Cognitive fluidity
- Cognitive science of religion
- Evolutionary origin of religions
- Origin of morality
- Psychology of religion
[edit] Notes and References
- ^ Justin L. Barrett in Why Would Anyone Believe in God p viii
- ^ For example Harold G. Koenig and Harvey J. Cohen. The Link between Religion and Health: Psychoneuroimmunology and the Faith Factor. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001 summarised and assessed the results of 100 evidence-based studies that systematically examined the relationship between religion and human well-being, finding that 79% showed positive influence
- ^ "...there is no really good compelling evidence that there is a relationship between religious involvement and health.", Religion and Health: New Research Revives an Old Debate, New York Times, May 7, 2002
- ^ a b c d Evolutionary Religious Studies (ERS): A Beginner’s Guide
- ^ Adaptations, Exaptations, and Spandrels
- ^ Article in the New York Times Darwin’s God
- ^ Toward an evolutionary psychology of religion and personality
- ^ The evolutionary psychology of religion Steven Pinker
- ^ Norenzayan, A., & Shariff, A. F. (2008). The origin and evolution of religious prosociality. Science, 322, 58-62.
- ^ Barrett op cit Ch 3
[edit] Further reading
- Stewart Guthrie Faces in the clouds A New Theory of Religion ISBN 0195098919].
- Evolutionary psychology of religion Steven Pinker.
- Adaptations, Exaptations, and Spandrels
- Attachment, Evolution, and the Psychology of Religion ISBN 1593850883
- Atran, Scott In Gods We Trust: The Evolutionary Landscape of Religion ISBN 0195178033
- Religious thought and behaviour as by-products of brain function Pascal Boyer
- Minds and Gods: The Cognitive Foundations of Religion By Todd Tremlin, 2006 ISBN 0195305345
[edit] Links
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