Pullback (category theory)

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In category theory, a branch of mathematics, a pullback (also called a fibered product or Cartesian square) is the limit of a diagram consisting of two morphisms f : X → Z and g : Y → Z with a common codomain. The pullback is often written

Contents 1 Universal property 2 Weak pullbacks 3 Examples 4 Properties 5 See also 6 References 7 External links

[edit] Universal property

Explicitly, the pullback of the morphisms f and g consists of an object P and two morphisms p₁ : P → X and p₂ : P → Y for which the diagram

commutes. Moreover, the pullback (P, p₁, p₂) must be universal with respect to this diagram. That is, for any other such triple (Q, q₁, q₂) there must exist a unique u : Q → P making the following diagram commute:

As with all universal constructions, the pullback, if it exists, is unique up to a unique isomorphism.

[edit] Weak pullbacks

A weak pullback of a cospan X → Z ← Y is a cone over the cospan that is only weakly universal, that is, the mediating morphism u : Q → P above need not be unique.

[edit] Examples

In the category of sets the pullback of f and g is the set

together with the restrictions of the projection maps π₁ and π₂ to X × _Z Y .

• This example motivates another way of characterizing the pullback: as the equalizer of the morphisms f o p₁, g o p₂ : X × Y → Z where X × Y is the binary product of X and Y and p₁ and p₂ are the natural projections. This shows that pullbacks exist in any category with binary products and equalizers. In fact, by the existence theorem for limits, all finite limits exist in a category with a terminal object, binary products and equalizers.

Another example of a pullback comes from the theory of fiber bundles: given a bundle map π : E → B and a continuous map f : X → B, the pullback X ×_B E is a fiber bundle over X called the pullback bundle. The associated commutative diagram is a morphism of fiber bundles.

In any category with a terminal object Z, the pullback X ×_Z Y is just the ordinary product X × Y.

[edit] Properties

• Whenever X ×_ZY exists, then so does Y ×_Z X and there is an isomorphism X ×_Z Y Y ×_ZX.
• Monomorphisms are stable under pullback: if the arrow f above is monic, then so is the arrow p₂. For example, in the category of sets, if X is a subset of Z, then, for any g : Y → Z, the pullback X ×_Z Y is the inverse image of X under g.
• Isomorphisms are also stable, and hence, for example, X ×_X Y Y for any map Y → X.

[edit] See also

• The categorical dual of a pullback is a called a pushout.
• Pullbacks in differential geometry
• Equijoin in relational algebra.

[edit] References

• Adámek, Jiří, Herrlich, Horst, & Strecker, George E.; (1990). Abstract and Concrete Categories (4.2MB PDF). Originally publ. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-60922-6. (now free on-line edition).
• Cohn, Paul M.; Universal Algebra (1981), D.Reidel Publishing, Holland, ISBN 90-277-1213-1 (Originally published in 1965, by Harper & Row).

[edit] External links

• Interactive Web page which generates examples of pullbacks in the category of finite sets. Written by Jocelyn Paine.