Kea
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| Nestor notabilis Gould, 1856 |
The Kea (Nestor notabilis) is a species of parrot (family Nestoridae) found in forested and alpine regions of the South Island of New Zealand. The Kea is one of the few alpine parrots in the world, and includes carrion[2] in an omnivorous diet consisting mainly of roots, leaves, berries, nectar and insects. Now uncommon, the Kea was once killed for bounty as it preyed on livestock, especially sheep. It only received full protection in 1986.[3]
Kea are legendary for their intelligence and curiosity, both vital to their survival in a harsh mountain environment. Kea can solve logical puzzles, such as pushing and pulling things in a certain order to get to food, and will work together to achieve a certain objective.[4]
Most people only encounter wild Kea at South Island ski areas. The Kea are attracted by the prospect of food scraps. Their curiosity leads them to peck and carry away unguarded items of clothing, or to pry apart rubber parts of cars - to the entertainment and annoyance of human observers. They are often described as "cheeky". A Kea has even been reported to have made off with a Scottish man's passport while he was visiting the Fiordland National Park. [5]
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[edit] Taxonomy and naming
The Kea was described by ornithologist John Gould in 1856.[6] Its specific epithet, the Latin term notabilis, means "noteworthy".[7] The common name is from Māori[citation needed], probably representing the screech of the bird[citation needed]. The term Kea is both singular and plural.
[edit] Classification
The genus Nestor contains four species: the Kākā (Nestor meridionalis), the Kea (N. notabilis), and the extinct Norfolk Island Kākā (N. productus) and Chatham Island Kākā (N. sp.). All four are thought to stem from a 'proto-Kākā', dwelling in the forests of New Zealand 5 million years ago.[8][9] Their closest relative is the Kākāpō (Strigops habroptila).[10][8][9][11] Together, they form the parrot family Nestoridae, an ancient group that split off from all other Psittacidae before their radiation.[8][9][11]
[edit] Distribution and habitat
The Kea (Nestor notabilis) is one of seven parrot species endemic to New Zealand. The other mainland species are the Kākā (Nestor meridionalis), the Kākāpō (Strigops habroptila), and three species of Kākāriki: the Yellow-crowned Parakeet (Cyanoramphus auriceps), Red-crowned Parakeet (Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae) and the Orange-crowned Parakeet (Cyanoramphus malherbi). The seventh New Zealand parrot species is the Antipodes Island Parakeet (Cyanoramphus unicolor)), endemic to the subantarctic islands after which it is named.
The Kea ranges from lowland river valleys up to the alpine regions of the South Island such as Arthur's Pass and Mt. Cook National Park, closely associated throughout its range with the southern beech (Nothofagus) forests in the alpine ridge. Apart from occasional vagrants, Kea are not found in the North Island, although fossil evidence suggests a population lived there within the last 10,000 years.[12]
The Kea's notorious urge to explore and manipulate, combined with strong neophilia, makes this bird a pest for residents and an attraction for tourists. Called "the clown of the mountains", it will investigate backpacks, boots or even cars, often causing damage or flying off with smaller items.
The population was estimated at between 1,000 and 5,000 individuals in 1986,[13] but its widespread distribution at low density prevents accurate estimates.[14][15] A study of Kea numbers in Nelson Lakes National Park showed a substantial decline in the population between 1999 and 2009, caused primarily by predation of Kea eggs and chicks.[16]
Together with local councils and runholders, the New Zealand government paid a bounty for Kea bills because the bird preyed upon lifestock, mainly sheep.[17][18] It was intended that hunters would kill Kea only on the farms and council areas that paid the bounty, but some hunted them in national parks and in Westland, where they were officially protected. More than 150,000 were killed in the hundred years before 1970, when the bounty was lifted.[19] In the 1970s the Kea received partial protection after a census counted only 5000 birds. It was not fully protected until 1986, when farmers gave up their legal right to shoot any Kea that tampered with property or livestock. In exchange, the government agreed to investigate any reports of problem birds and have them removed from the land.[14]
[edit] Life span
In the wild, undocumented, but estimated to be 15 years.[20]
[edit] Breeding
At least one observer has reported that the Kea is polygamous, with one male attached to multiple females. The same source noted that there was a surplus of females.[21]
Keas are social and live in groups of up to 13 birds.[22] Isolated individuals do badly in captivity but respond well to mirror images.[23]
In one study, nest sites occur at a density of 1 per 4.4km².[15] The breeding areas are most commonly in Southern Beech (Nothofagus sp.) forests, located on steep mountain sides. Breeding at heights of 1600m above sea level and higher, it is one of the few parrot species in the world to regularly spend time above tree line. Nest sites are usually positioned on the ground underneath large beech trees, in rock crevices or dug burrows between roots. They are accessed by tunnels leading back 1m to 6m into a larger chamber, which is furnished with lichens, moss, ferns and rotting wood. The laying period starts in January and reaches into July.[24] 2-4 white eggs are laid, with an incubation time of around 21 days.[25]
[edit] Diet
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An omnivore, the Kea feeds on more than 40 plant species (Tab. 1), beetle larva, other birds (including shearwater chicks) and mammals (including sheep and rabbits).[22][4] It has been observed breaking open shearwater nests to feed on the chicks after hearing the chicks in their nests.[26] The Kea has also taken advantage of human garbage and "gifts" of food.[27] In captivity, the bird is fond of butter, nuts, apples, carrots, grapes, mangoes, figs, bread, dairy products, ground meat and pasta.[citation needed]
There was a long-running controversy about whether the Kea preys on sheep. Sheep suffering from unusual wounds on their sides or loin were noticed by the mid 1860s, within a decade of sheep farmers moving into the high country. Although some supposed the cause was a new disease, suspicion soon fell on the Kea. James MacDonald, head shepherd at Wanaka Station, witnessed a Kea attacking a sheep in 1868, and similar accounts were widespread.[2] Prominent members of the scientific community accepted that Kea attacked sheep, with Alfred Wallace citing this as an example of behavioural change in his 1889 book Darwinism. Despite substantial anecdotal evidence of these attacks,[2][17] however, others remained unconvinced, especially in later years. For instance, in 1962 animal specialist J.R. Jackson concluded that while the bird may attack sick or injured sheep, especially if it mistook them for dead, it was not a significant predator.[28] In 1993, however, its nocturnal assaults were captured on video,[4] proving that at least some Kea will attack and feed on healthy sheep. The video confirmed what many scientists had long suspected, that the Kea uses its powerful curved beak and claws to rip through the layer of wool and eat the fat from the back of the animal. Though the bird does not directly kill the sheep, death can result from blood poisoning or accidents suffered by animals trying to escape.
The Kea has been observed feeding on the following plants:[22]
[edit] Kea photo gallery
 Kea in New Zealand's Fiordland National Park |
 Kea nibbling the timber lining on a walking track |
 Kea flying |
 Kea flying |
 Kea |
 Kea near The Remarkables Ski field |
Kea flying near The Remarkables Ski field |
[edit] References
- ^ BirdLife International (2008). Nestor notabilis. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2008. Retrieved on 24 March 2009. Database entry includes a range map and justification for why this species is vulnerable.
- ^ a b c Benham, W. B. (1906). Notes on the Flesh-eating Propensity of the Kea (Nestor notabilis). Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 39, 71–89.
- ^ Lindsey, T., Morris, R. (2000) Field Guide To New Zealand Wildlife. Auckland: Harper Collins. (ISBN 1-86950-300-7)
- ^ a b c Kea - Mountain Parrot, NHNZ. (1 hour documentary)
- ^ http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/05/30/2585161.htm
- ^ Gould, J. (1856). On two new species of birds (Nestor notabilis and Spatula variegata) from the collection of Walter Mantell, Esq. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 94-95.
- ^ Simpson DP (1979). Cassell's Latin Dictionary (5 ed.). London: Cassell Ltd.. pp. 883. ISBN 0-304-52257-0.
- ^ a b c Wright, T.F.; Schirtzinger E. E., Matsumoto T., Eberhard J. R., Graves G. R., Sanchez J. J., Capelli S., Muller H., Scharpegge J., Chambers G. K. & Fleischer R. C. (2008). "A Multilocus Molecular Phylogeny of the Parrots (Psittaciformes): Support for a Gondwanan Origin during the Cretaceous". Mol Biol Evol 25 (10): 2141-2156. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn160 .
- ^ a b c Grant-Mackie, E.J.; J.A. Grant-Mackie, W.M. Boon & G.K. Chambers (2003). "Evolution of New Zealand Parrots". NZ Science Teacher 103.
- ^ Juniper, T., Parr, M. (1998) Parrots: A guide to parrots of the world. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press (ISBN 0-300-07453-0)
- ^ a b de Kloet, R.S.; de Kloet, S.R. (2005). The evolution of the spindlin gene in birds: sequence analysis of an intron of the spindlin W and Z gene reveals four major divisions of the Psittaciformes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 36: 706–721.
- ^ R.N. Holdaway and T.H. Worthy (1993). First North Island fossil record of Kea, and morphological and morphometric comparison of Kea and Kaka, Notornis, 40(2), 95–108
- ^ Anderson, R. (1986) Keas for keeps. Forest and Bird, 17, 2-5
- ^ a b Diamond, J., Bond, A. (1999) Kea. Bird of paradox. The evolution and behavior of a New Zealand Parrot. Berkeley; Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press. (ISBN 0-520-21339-4)
- ^ a b Elliott, G., Kemp, J. (1999) Conservation ecology of Kea (Nestor notabilis). Report. WWF New Zealand.
- ^ Simon Bloomberg. Possums take toll on kea at Nelson Lakes, Nelson Mail, 21 February 2009.
- ^ a b Marriner, G. R. (1906) Notes on the Natural History of the Kea, with Special Reference to its Reputed Sheep-killing Propensities. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 39, 271-305.
- ^ Marriner, G. R. (1907) Additional Notes on the Kea. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 40, 534-537 and Plates XXXII-XXXIV.
- ^ Temple, P. (1996) The Book of the Kea. Auckland: Hodder Moa Beckett. (ISBN 0-340-600039)
- ^ Animal Fact Sheets
- ^ Jackson JR (1962). The life of the Kea. Canterbury Mountaineer 31 120-123
- ^ a b c Clark, C.M.H. (1970) Observations on population, movements and food of the kea, Nestor notabilis. Notornis, 17, 105-114
- ^ Diamond, J & A. Bond (1989) Note on the lasting responsiveness of a Kea Nestor notabilis toward its mirror image. Avicultural Magazine 95(2):92-94 PDF
- ^ Jackson JR (1960). Keas at Arthur's Pass. Notornis 9 39-58
- ^ Falla RA, Sibson RB & Turbot EG (1966) A Field guide to the birds of New Zealand. Collins, London (ISBN 0-00-212022-4)
- ^ Christina Troup. Birds of open country - Kea digging out a shearwater chick, Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, Ministry of Culture and Heritage. Updated 21 September 2007. Accessed 31 March 2009.
- ^ Gajdon, G.K., Fijn, N., Huber, L.(2006) Limited spread of innovation in a wild parrot, the kea (Nestor notabilis). Animal Cognition, 9, 173-181.
- ^ Jackson, J.R. (1962). Do Kea attack sheep? Notornis 10, 33-38.
[edit] External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Nestor notabilis |
- World Parrot Trust Parrot Encyclopedia - Species Profiles
- BirdLife Species Factsheet.
- Department of Conservation Kea page
- ARKive - images and movies of the Kea (Nestor notabilis)
- Kea research at the University of Vienna [1]
- Kea and people - in Te Ara the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
