Same-sex marriage in New York
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Same-sex marriage cannot legally be performed in New York.[1] However, on May 14, 2008 New York Governor David Paterson issued a directive requiring that all state agencies recognize same-sex marriages performed in other jurisdictions.[2] In addition, the state courts have now recognized Canadian same-sex marriages for purposes of public benefits, inheritance, and divorce.
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[edit] History
[edit] New Paltz marriages
On February 27, 2004, New Paltz Mayor Jason West married 25 same-sex couples before a cheering crowd in front of the New Paltz Village Hall. Not long thereafter, the Ulster County District Attorney charged West with nineteen misdemeanors in connection with these marriages[3]. A court later dismissed the charges against West, a ruling which the state appealed. Ulster County Court Judge J. Michael Bruhn ruled in favor of the state, reinstating the charges against West, arguing that this criminal case did not concern whether the state constitution mandates same-sex marriage, but rather whether West violated his oath of office in performing allegedly illegal marriages. The May 2005 charges against West were reinstated; these were dropped by the prosecutor on July 12. After Liberty Counsel filed a civil lawsuit challenging the validity of the marriages, a state court judge issued a permanent injunction barring Mr. West from solemnizing same-sex marriages.[4][5]
These weddings, coming on the heels of San Francisco's mayor Gavin Newsom's decision to begin solemnizing same-sex marriage ceremonies, led other New York mayors to act.[citation needed] On February 27, 2004, Nyack mayor John Shields announced that he would recognize the New Paltz marriages and on March 1, 2004, Ithaca's mayor Carolyn K. Peterson declared that she would recognize same-sex marriages performed in other jurisdictions.[6]
Two days later, then-Attorney General of New York Eliot Spitzer, a self-described supporter of same-sex marriage, issued an “informal opinion” stating that municipal clerks should not issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples since the New York State Legislature had not intended for the Domestic Relations Law to cover same-sex couples.[7]
[edit] Court cases
Shortly after Attorney General Spitzer's informal opinion was issued, five separate lawsuits were filed contesting the constitutionality of New York's opposite-sex definition of marriage. At the trial level, four failed and one succeeded (though it was stayed and later reversed). At the intermediate appellate level, four failed and one was not decided. The cases were all rolled into one and heard by the Court of Appeals, the state's highest court, on May 31, 2006. On July 6, 2006, the Court of Appeals in Hernandez v. Robles[8] decided that New York law does not permit same-sex marriage and that there is no state constitutional right to same-sex marriage.
Following the Hernandez decision, the focus of the same-sex marriage battle shifted to the executive and legislative branches of government. During his successful campaign for Governor of New York, then-Attorney General Spitzer said that he would push to legalize same-sex marriage if elected,[9] and he proposed legislation to that effect to the state legislature on April 27, 2007. This legislation passed in the State Assembly on June 19, 2007, but died in the State Senate and was returned to the Assembly.[10]
In February 2008, the Supreme Court, Appellate Division, Fourth Department ruled unanimously in Martinez v. County of Monroe[11] that because New York legally recognizes out-of-state marriages of opposite-sex couples, it must do the same for same-sex couples. On May 6, 2008, the Court of Appeals declined to hear Monroe County's appeal.[12] In November 2008, Monroe County announced that it would not pursue any further appeals of the Appellate Division's decision.[13]
[edit] Legislative movement
On March 12, 2008, Eliot Spitzer resigned his position as Governor of New York.[14] Following Spitzer's resignation, David Alexander Paterson (then Lieutenant Governor of New York) was sworn in as the 55th Governor of New York on March 17, 2008 by New York Chief Judge Judith Kaye. On April 9, 2008, the new governor pledged that he would continue to push for same-sex marriage legislation. The new governor said he was "proud to have run on a ticket with now former Gov. Eliot Spitzer that was the first in the country to advocate for marriage equality and to win on that premise." "We will push on and bring full marriage equality in New York State," Paterson said.[citation needed]
On May 29, 2008, the governor directed all New York state agencies to begin to revise their policies and regulations to recognize same-sex marriages performed in other jurisdictions. Governor Paterson's directive was based upon the Appellate Division's Martinez decision.[11]. This directive has been challenged and the case is currently on appeal.[15][16][17]
On November 4, 2008, the Democratic Party gained a majority in the New York State Senate.[18] Following the elections, three dissenting Senate Democrats declined to assure Senate Democratic leader Malcolm Smith that they would vote for him as Senate Majority Leader when the Senate convened in January 2009.[19] In December 2008, an agreement was allegedly reached between Senator Smith and the so-called "Gang of Three"; reports indicated that as part of the deal, Senator Smith agrees not to bring same-sex marriage legislation to a floor vote in the Senate during the 2009-2010 legislative session.[20] However, on December 10, 2008, Senator Smith announced that the alleged agreement with three Democratic dissidents had been abandoned, and confirmed that he would not pledge to hold off on a same-sex marriage bill in the upcoming session.[21] Senator Smith’s decision placed control of the Senate by the Democratic Party in doubt, thus jeopardizing the passage of same-sex marriage legislation[22] (since the Senate Republican leadership is opposed to same-sex marriage [23]). After reaching an agreement with three Democratic dissidents, Malcolm Smith was voted Senate Majority Leader on January 7, 2009.[24]
A bill to legalize same-sex marriage has been approved in the state Assembly, but faces an uncertain future in the Senate as the session approaches its end in June, 2009. Sen. Thomas Duane (D-Manhattan) has claimed that he has lined up support from a sufficient number of Senators to pass the bill,[25] through opponents disagree. Senate leader Smith said he would not put the bill to a vote until he was sure it would pass. [26]
With two weeks left in the legislative session, two Democratic state senators shifted their allegiance to the Republican party and voted in new Senate leadership in what has been described as a "parliamentary coup".[27] Some early commentators regard the bill as "doomed" as a result,[28] while others think it might actually cause the bill to be brought up for a vote[29], but the new Senate leadership has yet to comment on the issue. The Republican Majority Leader is, in contrast to Smith, opposed to same-sex marriage, but the president pro-tempore of the Senate, Pedro Espada, supports same-sex marriage and would like to see it come to a vote quickly.[30] Governor Paterson called two special legislative sessions, with the same-sex marriage bill no.1 on the agenda for June 24, 2009.[31]
[edit] Recognition of out-of-state same-sex marriages
1Vermont effective September 1, 2009, Maine effective September 14, 2009, New Hampshire effective January 1, 2010
2Nevada effective October 1, 2009, Washington state effective July 26, 2009
3Wisconsin effective August 3, 2009
4California recognizes same-sex marriages entered into between June 16, 2008 and November 4, 2008.
In October 2004, State Comptroller Alan Hevesi indicated that the state’s retirement system would recognize same-sex marriages performed outside New York State for purposes of state retirement and pension benefits. Not long thereafter, mayor Michael Bloomberg stated that he would ask that the city’s five pension systems recognize domestic partnerships, civil unions and same-sex marriages of city employees performed in other jurisdictions (such as Massachusetts, Canada, Iowa, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Vermont, Oregon, Maine, Hawaii, Colorado, Maryland, Nevada, Wisconsin, Connecticut, California, the District of Columbia and Washington). These decisions are being challenged in court.[citation needed]
In February 2008, the Appellate Division, Fourth Department ruled that a same-sex marriage consummated in Canada should be recognized in New York. In Martinez v. County of Monroe[11], the court reasoned that because out-of-state opposite-sex marriages that would not have been legal in New York nonetheless are recognized unless such recognition would violate the public policy of the state, out-of-state same-sex marriages must be similarly recognized. The Appellate Division reversed a trial judge's ruling in 2006 that Monroe Community College did not have to extend health benefits to an employee's same-sex spouse. Monroe County subsequently announced its intention to move for leave to appeal the decision to the Court of Appeals. However, the Court of Appeals refused to hear the case on May 6, 2008, allowing the lower court's ruling to stand. In November 2008, Monroe County announced that it would not pursue any further appeals of the Appellate Division's decision.[32]
On May 29, 2008, Governor David Paterson directed all New York State agencies to begin to revise their policies and regulations to recognize same-sex marriages performed in other jurisdictions. Governor Paterson's directive cited the Appellate Division decision in the Martinez case, as well as several lower court rulings.[11] As a result of the governor's directive, New York has become the first state that does not allow same-sex marriages, but whose state agencies recognize same-sex marriages performed elsewhere. In addition, same-sex couples in New York have the option to travel to states where same-sex marriage is possible to get married and have their marriages fully recognized by New York State agencies. However, one pro-same-sex-marriage advocacy organization has cautioned that whether non-public entities in New York are required to recognize foreign same-sex marriage licenses remains a "more open question."[33]
Governor Paterson's directive has been challenged as both premature and unconstitutional in an Article 78 proceeding filed on June 3, 2008 against Governor Paterson by the Alliance Defense Fund on behalf of several state legislators and conservative leaders. On September 2, 2008, Justice Lucy A. Billings, of the State Supreme Court in Bronx, New York issued a decision that Governor Paterson acted within his powers when he required state agencies to recognize same-sex marriages from outside the state. Justice Billings found that the governor's order was consistent with state laws on the recognition of marriages from other jurisdictions.[34] This decision has been appealed.[17]
Meanwhile, the courts have continued to rule that out-of-state same-sex marriages are valid -- in particular, authorizing same-sex divorces[35][36] and conferring inheritance rights[37].
[edit] Economic impact of allowing same sex couples to marry
The New York City Comptroller's office issued an updated ecnomic analysis in May 2009 finding that New York State’s economy could gain $210 million in the three years immediately following the legalization of marriage for same-sex couples.[38].
[edit] Public support for same-sex marriage
An April 2009 poll of likely New York voters indicated 53% support allowing same-sex couples to marry, while 39% oppose.[39] Registered Democrats strongly support it by a 59% to 35% margin, while registered Republicans oppose it by virtually the same margin, 59% to 31%. A Survey USA poll from the same time period showed 49% of New Yorkers supporting Same-Sex marriage with 44% opposed. [40]
According to a Quinnipiac University poll released on June 23, 2009, New York State voters support 51 - 41 percent, with 8 percent undecided, a law allowing same-sex couples to marry.[41][42]. The proposal wins 52 - 42 percent support from white voters and 55 - 39 percent from Hispanics. Black voters split with 43 percent in favor and 42 percent opposed. Support for allowing same-sex couples to marry also rises with income and education level.
[edit] Timeline
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February 26, 2004: Jason West, mayor of the village of New Paltz, announces that the village would start performing same-sex civil weddings. Although the village would not attempt to issue licenses for such weddings, couples in New York State have six months from the wedding to seek such a license, and weddings are not invalid solely for not having a license.
February 27, 2004: John Shields, the mayor of Nyack, New York, announces that his Village would recognize same-sex marriages performed elsewhere.
March 2, 2004: West is charged with 19 misdemeanor counts of "solemnizing marriages without a license" by Ulster County District Attorney Donald Williams. West announces that he intends to continue performing same-sex ceremonies.
March 3, 2004: Shields announces that he will begin officiating at same-sex marriages, and that he and his fiancé would join other gay and lesbian New Yorkers in seeking marriage licenses from municipal clerks' offices.
March 3, 2004: The Office of New York Attorney General Eliot Spitzer issues an "informal opinion" that clerks should not issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples as the state legislature had not intended same-sex marriages to be covered by the domestic relations law.[43] The same opinion states that same-sex marriages performed elsewhere were recognizable in New York state under a recent judicial decision recognizing the validity of a Vermont civil union as granting the benefits of marriage, Langan v. St. Vincent's Hospital, 196 Misc. 2d 440 (N.Y. Misc., 2003).
March 5, 2004: New York state judge Vincent Bradley issues a temporary restraining order barring West from performing any such ceremonies for a month. West indicates that he will abide by the judicial order while evaluating his legal options.
March 15, 2004: Two Unitarian Universalist ministers who had been performing same-sex weddings in Mayor West's stead are charged with 13 counts of solemnizing a marriage without a license by District Attorney Williams.
March 20, 2004: Six Unitarian Universalist ministers — including one of the two ministers charged earlier — defy the District Attorney by performing 25 more same-sex marriage ceremonies in New Paltz.
March 22, 2004: Following an opinion requested in January from their attorney, the Rochester city council announces that Rochester will recognize same-sex marriages performed elsewhere. Rochester is across Lake Ontario from Toronto, where same-sex marriages have been legal since 2003.
June 6, 2004: An Ulster County Supreme Court judge makes the temporary restraining order against Mayor West permanent.
June 10, 2004: A New Paltz Town Court Justice dismisses the charges against Mayor West, ruling that the district attorney had failed to show that the state had a legitimate interest in preventing the marriages, or that the law under which West was charged was constitutional. The district attorney said that he would appeal the ruling, and also indicated that he intended to continue forward with charges against the Unitarian Universalist ministers.
July 13, 2004: Another New Paltz Town Court Justice dismisses all of the charges against the Unitarian Universalist ministers, for essentially the same reasons.
Mayor Carolyn K. Peterson of Ithaca, New York, in conjunction with her city clerk, has planned to provoke a court hearing by sending marriage applications from five local gay couples to the New York State Department of Health, while offering the backing of Ithaca's legal resources if their applications are denied.
October 8, 2004: The state comptroller, Alan G. Hevesi, indicated in a letter to a state employee that the state retirement system will recognize same-sex marriages contracted elsewhere for the purposes of retirement benefits for New York state employees.
February 4, 2005: State Supreme Court Justice Doris Ling-Cohan ruled that New York City could not deny marriage licenses to same-sex couples, based on the equal protection clause of the state's constitution. The order was stayed for 30 days, pending an appeal (the Supreme Court is a trial-level court in New York, and the decision could be appealed either to the Appellate Division or directly to the Court of Appeals).
December 8, 2005: The Appellate Division of the New York Supreme Court overturns Ling-Cohan's decision.[44]
May 31, 2006: The New York Court of Appeals, the state's highest court, hears oral arguments.
July 6, 2006: The Court of Appeals in its Hernandez v. Robles decision declines to judicially mandate the legalization of same-sex marriage in New York. The Court's ruling stated that same-sex partners did not have the right to marry under the New York Constitution.[45]
May 2007 : A Massachusetts trial court judge rules that marriage licenses obtained by New York same-sex couples prior to the Hernandez v. Robles decision are valid under Massachusetts law. As a result, these couples' marriages are also valid under New York State law. [46]
June 19, 2007: The Democrat-controlled New York State Assembly approves Governor Spitzer's bill to legalize same-sex marriage in New York, in an 85-61 vote.[47] The bill moves to the Republican-controlled Senate; majority leader Joseph L. Bruno said it would not be voted upon in that chamber this year.[48]
December 27, 2007: In Matter of Langan v State Farm Fire & Cas., the Appellate Division, Third Department holds that parties to civil unions from other states are not entitled to make claims as surviving spouses under New York's Workers' Compensation Law; the court also holds that the relevant provisions of the Workers' Compensation Law are not unconstitutional.[49]
January 9, 2008: Governor Spitzer's bill to legalize same-sex marriage dies in the New York State Senate and is returned to the New York State Assembly.[47]
February 1, 2008: In Martinez v. County of Monroe[11], the Appellate Division, Fourth Department rules that a same-sex marriage in Canada should be recognized in New York, because out-of-state opposite-sex marriages that would not have been legal in New York nonetheless are recognized unless such recognition would violate the public policy of the state. The Appellate Division holds that the same treatment must be applied to out-of-state same-sex marriages, but the ruling could be overturned on a finding that same-sex marriage violates New York's public policy. The decision reverses a trial judge's 2006 ruling that Monroe Community College did not have to extend health benefits to an employee's same-sex spouse.
February 22, 2008: Monroe County announces its intention to move for leave to appeal the Martinez decision to the Court of Appeals.
March 12, 2008: Eliot Spitzer resigns his position as Governor of New York.[14]
March 17, 2008: Following Spitzer's resignation, David Alexander Paterson (then Lieutenant Governor of New York) is sworn in as the 55th Governor of New York at the New York State Capitol by New York Chief Judge Judith Kaye.
April 2008: Governor (David Alexander Paterson) pledges in a speech that he will continue to push for full marriage equality for LGBT New Yorkers.
May 29, 2008: It is widely reported on this day that Gov. David A. Paterson directed all state agencies to begin to revise their policies and regulations to recognize same-sex marriages performed in other jurisdictions. "In a directive issued on May 14, the governor’s legal counsel, David Nocenti, instructed the agencies that gay couples married elsewhere 'should be afforded the same recognition as any other legally performed union.'”[2] [50] Proponents of traditional marriage raise the possibility of a legal challenge.[51]
June 3, 2008: Governor Paterson's directive is challenged as both premature and unconstitutional in an Article 78 proceeding filed by the Alliance Defense Fund on behalf of several state legislators and conservative leaders in New York.
September 2, 2008: The Alliance Defense Fund suit is dismissed in State Supreme Court in the Bronx, with a finding that Governor Patterson acted within his powers when he required state agencies to recognize same-sex marriages from outside NY State.[34]
September 8, 2008: The Alliance Defense Fund appeals Judge Billings' decision.[17]
November 4, 2008: On Election Day, the Democratic Party gains a majority in the New York State Senate.
November 22, 2008: Monroe County announces that it will not pursue any further appeals of the Appellate Division's decision.[52]
December 2008: A deal is made among certain Democratic Senators that would ensure the election of Malcolm Smith as Senate president pro tempore, making him the chamber's leader; reports indicate that as part of the deal, Senator Smith agrees not to bring same-sex marriage legislation to a floor vote in the Senate during the 2009-2010 legislative session.[53][54]
December 10, 2008: Malcolm Smith breaks off his alleged agreement with three Democratic dissidents and confirms that he will not pledge to hold off on a same-sex marriage bill in the upcoming session. Senator Smith states that "real reform cannot and should not ever include limiting the civil rights of any New Yorkers."[55] This places control of the Senate by the Democratic Party in doubt, despite its slight numerical majority.[56]
January 7, 2009: After reaching an agreement with three Democratic dissidents, Malcolm Smith is voted Senate Majority Leader.[57]
April 14, 2009: The New York Times reports that Governor Paterson will announce on April 16 that he plans to introduce legislation to legalize same-sex marriage in New York.[58]
April 16, 2009: Governor Paterson officially introduces such legislation and vows to push for its passage.[59]
May 12, 2009: NYS Assembly passes same sex-marriage legislation in a bipartisan vote of 89-52.[60][61]
[edit] Timeline of civil suits for same-sex marriage
[edit] Hernandez case
- March 5, 2004: Five same-sex couples, backed by Lambda Legal, file suit challenging the constitutionality of limiting marriage to only opposite-sex couples. The complaint relied on both equal protection and due process claims.
- February 4, 2005: New York County Supreme Court Judge Doris Ling-Cohan issues an opinion in Hernandez v. Robles ruling that the New York State Constitution guaranteed basic rights to gays and lesbians, rights which the state violates when it prevents them from marrying. Ling-Cohan stayed her ruling for a 30 day period, giving the state time to appeal. See Judge Ling-Cohan's ruling in Hernandez v. Robles[62]
- September 13, 2005: Oral arguments are heard by the Appellate Division (First Judicial Department).
- December 8, 2005: The Appellate Division (First Judicial Department) reverses the trial court with one dissent in a 4-1 decision that said the issue should be handled by the legislature. See Appellate ruling in Hernandez v. Robles[62]
- May 31, 2006: Oral arguments are heard by the New York State Court of Appeals (New York's highest court).
- July 6, 2006: The Court of Appeals issues a 4-2 decision upholding New York's existing marriage statutes and declining to judicially mandate the legalization of same-sex marriage in New York. The Court's ruling states that same-sex partners do not have the right to marry each other under the New York Constitution.
[edit] Shields case
- March 11, 2004: Ten same-sex couples file suit to obtain an order requiring their town clerk to issue them marriage licenses and the Department of Health to recognize them. If the statutory argument fails, the suit challenges the constitutionality of the Domestic Relations Law. John Shields, Mayor of Nyack, is one of the parties to the suit.
- October 18, 2004: Rockland County Supreme Court Judge Alfred J. Weiner issues an opinion in Shields v. Madigan rejecting the statutory interpretation and constitutional challenges for same-sex marriage. The Domestic Relations Law was determined to allow only opposite-sex marriages, and equal protection and due process claims were both denied. See Judge Weiner's ruling in Shields v. Madigan[63]
- March 28, 2006: Oral arguments are heard by the Appellate Division (Second Judicial Department).
- July 6, 2006: The Court of Appeals issues a 4-2 decision in the four other marriage cases. This case is now effectively moot.
[edit] Samuels case
- April 7, 2004: Thirteen same-sex couples, backed by the American Civil Liberties Union, file suit to have declared unconstitutional a state law that denies them marriage. Daniel O'Donnell, New York State Assemblyman, is one of the parties to the suit.
- December 7, 2004: Albany County Supreme Court Judge Joseph C. Teresi issues an opinion in Samuels v. New York State Department of Health rejecting the four constitutional claims for same-sex marriage. Equal protection based on sexual orientation, equal protection based on gender, due process, and free speech were all argued to be violated by New York's Domestic Relations Law, but none was found to have merit. See Judge Teresi's ruling in Samuels v New York State Dept. of Health[64]
- October 17, 2005: Oral arguments are heard by the Appellate Division (Third Judicial Department).
- February 16, 2006: The Appellate Division (Third Judicial Department) affirms the trial court in a 5-0 decision that consolidated all three cases (Samuels, Seymour, and Kane) on appeal in its jurisdiction. See Appellate ruling in Samuels v New York State Dept. of Health[65]
- May 31, 2006: Oral arguments are heard by the New York State Court of Appeals (New York's highest court).
- July 6, 2006: The Court of Appeals issues a 4-2 decision upholding New York's existing marriage statutes and declining to judicially mandate the legalization of same-sex marriage in New York. The Court's ruling states that same-sex partners do not have the right to marry each other under the New York Constitution.
[edit] Seymour case
- June 2, 2004: Twenty-five same-sex couples, backed by the city of Ithaca, file suit to have the Domestic Relations Law include same-sex marriage. If the law is determined not to apply to same-sex couples, the suit challenges the prohibition on a constitutional basis.
- February 23, 2005]: Tompkins County Supreme Court Judge Robert C. Mulvey issues an opinion in Seymour v. Holcomb rejecting Ithaca's standing to sue, the statutory claim, and the constitutional claims based on equal protection, due process, and free expression. See Judge Mulvey's ruling in Seymour v. Holcomb[66]
- October 17, 2005: Oral arguments are heard by the Appellate Division (Third Judicial Department).
- February 16, 2006: The Appellate Division (Third Judicial Department) affirms the trial court in a 5-0 decision that consolidated all three cases (Samuels, Seymour, and Kane) on appeal in its jurisdiction. See Appellate ruling in Seymour v. Holcomb[67]
- May 31, 2006: Oral arguments are heard by the New York State Court of Appeals (New York's highest court).
- July 6, 2006: The Court of Appeals issues a 4-2 decision upholding New York's existing marriage statutes and declining to judicially mandate the legalization of same-sex marriage in New York. The Court's ruling states that same-sex partners do not have the right to marry each other under the New York Constitution.
[edit] Kane case
- June 16, 2004: Two same-sex couples file suit to obtain marriage licenses that would make official their marriage ceremonies from three months earlier. The ceremonies were held by a Unitarian Universalist Minister on March 27, 2004.
- January 31, 2005: Albany County Supreme Court Judge E. Michael Kavanagh issues an opinion in Kane v. Marsolais rejecting both statutory and constitutional claims. The opinion also rejected the notion that their marriages were valid because of a section of the Domestic Relations Law that recognized marriages solemnized by ceremonies even if the couple failed to obtain a license. This section of the law was held only to apply to those who were legally qualified to be married. See Judge Kavanagh's ruling in 'Kane v. Marsolais[68]
- October 17, 2005: Oral arguments are heard by the Appellate Division (Third Judicial Department).
- February 16, 2006: The Appellate Division (Third Judicial Department) affirms the trial court in a 5-0 decision that consolidated all three cases (Samuels, Seymour, and Kane) on appeal in its jurisdiction. See Appellate ruling in Kane v. Marsolais[69]
- May 31, 2006: Oral arguments are heard by the New York State Court of Appeals (New York's highest court).
- July 6, 2006: The Court of Appeals issues a 4-2 decision upholding New York's existing marriage statutes and declining to judicially mandate the legalization of same-sex marriage in New York. The Court's ruling states that same-sex partners do not have the right to marry each other under the New York Constitution.
[edit] Notes
- ^ Goldstein, Amy (2006-07-07). "Same-Sex Marriage Ruled Out in New York, Georgia". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/06/AR2006070600544_pf.html. Retrieved on 2008-11-27.
- ^ a b Peters, Jeremy W. (2006-07-07). "New York to Back Same-Sex Unions From Elsewhere". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/29/nyregion/29marriage.html?pagewanted=print. Retrieved on 2008-04-29.
- ^ Kolker, Robert (2004-03-08). "The Marrying Kind". New York Magazine. http://nymag.com/nymetro/news/politics/columns/statepolitic/n_10018/. Retrieved on 2008-09-20.
- ^ "Liberty Counsel press release: Judge Issues Permanent Injunction Against New Paltz Mayor Jason West Ordering Him to Stop Illegally Solemnizing Same-Sex Unions". 2004-06-07. http://www.lc.org/pressrelease/2004/nr060704b.htm. Retrieved on 2008-07-20.
- ^ Jesse M. Smith (2005-02-27). "Year after New Paltz weddings, the honeymoon is over". DailyFreeman.com. Daily Freeman. http://www.dailyfreeman.com/site/news.cfm?BRD=1769&dept_id=74969&newsid=14044124&PAG=461&rfi=9. Retrieved on 2008-09-23.
- ^ Crampton, Thomas; Michelle York (2004-03-02). "Hoping Courts Will Address Same-Sex Marriage, Ithaca Begins Accepting Licenses". nytimes.com. The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9806E0DF143FF931A35750C0A9629C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1. Retrieved on 2008-10-17.
- ^ "TIMELINE - Same Sex Marriage". National Conference of State Legislators. http://www.ncsl.org/programs/cyf/samesextime.htm. Retrieved on 2008-09-22.
- ^ "Hernandez v Robles (2006 NY Slip Op 05239)". http://www.courts.state.ny.us/reporter/3dseries/2006/2006_05239.htm. Retrieved on 2008-08-14.
- ^ "Spitzer Vows to Push for Gay Marriage". 2006-10-07. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/07/nyregion/07gays.html?ex=1317873600&en=39318db372a95934&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss. Retrieved on 2008-07-20.
- ^ "Assembly Bill 8590". http://assembly.state.ny.us/leg/?bn=A08590.
- ^ a b c d e http://www.nycourts.gov/ad4/court/Decisions/2008/02-01-08/PDF/1562.pdf
- ^ "NY High Court Refuses Gay Marriage Case". 2008-05-06. http://www.365gay.com/Newscon08/05/050608nmar.htm. Retrieved on 2008-07-20.
- ^ http://www.democratandchronicle.com/article/20081122/NEWS01/811220323
- ^ a b http://www.ny.gov/governor/press/resignation.pdf
- ^ "Group, lawmakers file lawsuit against Paterson over same-sex policy". 2008-06-03. http://www.poughkeepsiejournal.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080603/NEWS/80603026. Retrieved on 2008-07-20.
- ^ "nyfrf.org - Traditional Marriage Has Its Day in Court". http://www.nyfrf.org/content/view/111/46/. Retrieved on 2008-08-14.
- ^ a b c http://www.alliancedefensefund.org/news/pressrelease.aspx?cid=4670
- ^ http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/Democrats_Take_Control_of_New_York_Senate.html
- ^ http://www.nypost.com/seven/11132008/news/regionalnews/gop_boss__weve_still_got_senate_138465.htm
- ^ Confessore, Nicholas (2008-12-04). "3 Senate Democrats End Holdout in Return for Power Sharing". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/05/nyregion/05senate.html. Retrieved on 2008-12-07.
- ^ Hakim, Danny (2008-12-10). "Senate Accord Falls Apart, Putting Leadership in Question Again". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/11/nyregion/11albany.html. Retrieved on 2008-12-12.
- ^ http://www.observer.com/2008/smith-suspends-negotiations-prepares-life-minority-if-necessary
- ^ http://www.nyblade.com/2008/9-18/news/localnews/1238GOPlogcabin.cfm
- ^ http://timesunion.com/AspStories/story.asp?storyID=757763&category=REGION&TextPage=1
- ^ http://www.nydailynews.com/news/2009/06/02/2009-06-02_progay_nups_pol_itll_pass.html
- ^ Melloy, Kilian (2009-06-05). "Marriage Equality Debate Reaches Boiling Point in New York State". EDGE Boston. http://www.edgeboston.com/index.php?ch=news&sc=&sc2=news&sc3=&id=92176. Retrieved on 2009-06-09.
- ^ "N.Y. Democrats Try to Reverse G.O.P Coup in State Senate". New York Times. 2009-06-09. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/10/nyregion/10switchsub.html. Retrieved on 2009-06-09.
- ^ http://www.ontopmag.com/article.aspx?id=3975&MediaType=1&Category=26
- ^ http://www.newsday.com/news/local/wire/newyork/ny-bc-ny--nysenatecoup-gaym0610jun10,0,3792067.story
- ^ Hakim, Danny (2009-06-09). "New Senate President Wants Vote on Same-Sex Marriage". City Room (New York Times). http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/06/09/new-senate-president-wants-vote-on-same-sex-marriage/. Retrieved on 2009-06-09.
- ^ Benjamin, Elizabeth (2009-06-24). "Paterson Puts Gay Marriage On The Table, Diaz Might Finish This Whole Thing". New York Daily News. http://www.nydailynews.com/blogs/dailypolitics/2009/06/paterson-puts-gay-marriage-on.html. Retrieved on 2009-06-24.
- ^ http://www.democratandchronicle.com/article/20081122/NEWS01/811220323
- ^ http://www.prideagenda.org/tabid/360/Default.aspx
- ^ a b Confessore, Nicholas (2008). "Court Backs Paterson Regarding Gay Unions". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/03/nyregion/03marry.html. Published: September 2, 2008
- ^ http://www.pressconnects.com/article/20090331/NEWS01/903310360/1116
- ^ http://www.nypost.com/seven/10252008/news/regionalnews/ny_judge_oks_gay_divorc_es_135194.htm
- ^ http://www.law.com/jsp/nlj/PubArticleNLJ.jsp?id=1202427973725
- ^ http://www.comptroller.nyc.gov/press/2009_releases/pr09-05-131.shtm
- ^ Lovett, Kenneth (2009-04-20). "Has gay marriage reached a tipping point in New York? Poll shows majority approve of gov's bill". NY Daily News. http://www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/2009/04/20/2009-04-20_has_gay_marriage_reached_a_tipping_point_in_new_york_poll_shows_majority_approve.html. Retrieved on 2009-05-08.
- ^ Results of SurveyUSA News Poll #15271
- ^ http://www.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idUSTRE55M4IL20090623
- ^ http://www.quinnipiac.edu/x1318.xml?ReleaseID=1340
- ^ http://www.oag.state.ny.us/press/2004/mar/mar3a_04_attach2.pdf
- ^ "N.Y. court reverses gay marriage ruling". USA Today. 2005-12-08. http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-12-08-nygaymarriageruling_x.htm.
- ^ "C:\MyFiles\List\86-89opn06.wpd" (PDF). http://www.courts.state.ny.us/ctapps/decisions/jul06/86-89opn06.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-08-14.
- ^ Fernandez, Manny, New York Times, New York Region, May 22, 2007, "Legal Status Brings Security to Some Same-Sex Marriages". http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/22/nyregion/22marriage.html?_r=4&adxnnl=1&oref=slogin&adxnnlx=1190308390-8w8pe8lQat0ZhDatsjf/uw&oref=slogin/. Retrieved on 2009-05-15.
- ^ a b "Bills". http://assembly.state.ny.us/leg/?bn=A08590. Retrieved on 2008-08-14.
- ^ "Bruno Says Were Not Doing Gay Marriage - City Room - Metro - New York Times Blog". June 19, 2007, 1:25 pm. http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/06/19/bruno-says-were-not-doing-gay-marriage/. Retrieved on 2008-08-14.
- ^ "Matter of Langan v State Farm Fire & Cas. (2007 NY Slip Op 10438)". http://www.courts.state.ny.us/reporter/3dseries/2007/2007_10438.htm. Retrieved on 2008-08-14.
- ^ "Topic Galleries - Courant.com". August 13, 2008. http://www.courant.com/news/nationworld/hc-6.1.nation.art1may29,0,1837595.story. Retrieved on 2008-08-14.
- ^ KENNETH LOVETT and ELIZABETH BENJAMIN DAILY NEWS STAFF WRITERS (May 29, 2008). "Bruno to fight gay marriage recognition". http://www.nydailynews.com/news/2008/05/29/2008-05-29_bruno_to_fight_gay_marriage_recognition.html. Retrieved on 2008-08-14.
- ^ Craig, Gary (2008-11-22). "Monroe County ends same-sex marriage challenge". Democrat and Chronicle. http://www.democratandchronicle.com/article/20081122/NEWS01/811220323. Retrieved on 2009-01-02.
- ^ Confessore, Nicholas (2008-12-04). "3 Senate Democrats End Holdout in Return for Power Sharing". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/05/nyregion/05senate.html. Retrieved on 2008-12-07.
- ^ Benjamin, Elizabeth (2008-12-04). "Details Of A Leadership Deal". Daily News. http://www.nydailynews.com/blogs/dailypolitics/2008/12/details-of-a-leadership-deal.html. Retrieved on 2008-12-07.
- ^ Hakim, Danny (2008-12-10). "Senate Accord Falls Apart, Putting Leadership in Question Again". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/11/nyregion/11albany.html. Retrieved on 2008-12-12.
- ^ http://www.observer.com/2008/smith-suspends-negotiations-prepares-life-minority-if-necessary
- ^ http://timesunion.com/AspStories/story.asp?storyID=757763&category=REGION&TextPage=1
- ^ Paterson Will Introduce Same-Sex Marriage Bill
- ^ Paterson Introduces a Same-Sex Marriage Bill
- ^ NY assembly passes same-sex marriage bill
- ^ N.Y. Assembly passes same-sex marriage legislation
- ^ a b "Hernandez v Robles (2005 NY Slip Op 25057)". http://www.courts.state.ny.us/reporter/3dseries/2005/2005_25057.htm. Retrieved on 2008-08-14.
- ^ "Matter of Shields v Madigan (2004 NY Slip Op 24393)". http://www.courts.state.ny.us/reporter/3dseries/2004/2004_24393.htm. Retrieved on 2008-08-14.
- ^ http://www.domawatch.org/cases/newyork/samuelsvnewyorkdepartmentofhealth/041207_SJ_Denied_Cmplnt_Granted.pdf
- ^ "Samuels v New York State Dept. of Health (2006 NY Slip Op 01213)". http://www.courts.state.ny.us/reporter/3dseries/2006/2006_01213.htm. Retrieved on 2008-08-14.
- ^ "Seymour v Holcomb (2005 NY Slip Op 25070)". http://www.courts.state.ny.us/reporter/3dseries/2005/2005_25070.htm. Retrieved on 2008-08-14.
- ^ "Seymour v Holcomb (2006 NYSlipOp 01215)". http://www.courts.state.ny.us/reporter/3dseries/2006/2006_01215.htm. Retrieved on 2008-08-14.
- ^ http://www.domawatch.org/cases/newyork/kanevmarsolais/supreme_opinion_20050131.pdf
- ^ "Matter of Kane v Marsolais (2006 NYSlipOp 01214)". http://www.courts.state.ny.us/reporter/3dseries/2006/2006_01214.htm. Retrieved on 2008-08-14.
[edit] See also
- Same-sex marriage in the United States
- Same-sex marriage legislation in the United States
- Same-sex marriage law in the United States by state
- Public opinion of same-sex marriage in the United States
- Same-sex marriage status in the United States by state
- Rights and responsibilities of marriages in the United States
- Defense of Marriage Act
- Marriage Protection Act of 2007
- Defense of marriage amendment
- Federal Marriage Amendment
- Domestic partnership in the United States
- Freedom to Marry
- Alliance for Marriage
- History of civil marriage in the United States
- Traditional marriage movement
[edit] External links
- Hernandez v. Robles text
- Hernandez v. Robles analysis
- "The Road to Gay Marriage After New York", JURIST
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