Venezuela (second republic)
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The Second Republic of Venezuela (Segunda República de Venezuela in Spanish) is the term used by historians for the reestablished Venezuelan Republic declared by Simón Bolívar on August 7, 1813. This declaration followed the defeat of Domingo Monteverde by Bolívar during the Admirable Campaign in the west and Santiago Mariño in his campaign in the east. The republic came to an end in the following year, after a series of defeats at the hands of José Tomás Boves.
[edit] Use of the term in Venezuelan history
It is during this period that the term "Republic of Venezuela" is officially used by Simón Bolívar's government. During the First Republic, upon which Bolívar rested the legitimacy of his actions, the government referred to the Venezuelan state as either the "American Confederation of Venezuela" or the "United Provinces of Venezuela" in the Declaration of Independence (both terms are used interchangeably),[1] or as the "United States of Venezuela" (a term used interchangeably with "the Confederation") in the Constitution of 1811.[2]
Historians use the term Third Republic of Venezuela to refer to the period from about 1817 to 1819, when a rump government, organized by Bolívar began functioning in the Venezuelan Llanos. The year before, various Venezuelan guerilla forces managed to permanently established themselves in the Llanos and captured the city of Angostura, which became their headquarters. This period culminated with the formation of the Congress of Angostura, which wrote a new constitution for Venezuela, replacing the one from 1811, which in theory, was still valid, although suspended since the collapse of the First Republic in 1812. At the end of 1819 the Angostura Congress decreed the union of Venezuela with New Granada in a new Republic of Colombia, (Gran Colombia) bringing an end to the Third Republic.
After the dissolution of Gran Colombia, Venezuela became once again the Republic of Venezuela, and although undergoing various changes in constitutions and forms of government, Venezuela permanently maintained its independence from this moment on. This period is known as the Fourth Republic. It is in light of this use of numbered republics to divide historical periods in Venezuela (much like in modern France), that Hugo Chávez and his collaborators chose in 1998 to name their political party the Fifth Republic Movement, to imply that electoral success for him and his party would entail a marked a break with the past. The Fifth Republic is officially known as the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.
[edit] See also
- Captaincy General of Venezuela
- Venezuelan War of Independence
- First Republic of Venezuela
- Gran Colombia
- Venezuela
[edit] References
- ^ In Spanish: Venezuelan Declaration of Independence, Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes
- ^ In Spanish: Federal Constitution of 1811 Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes
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