Voiceless bilabial plosive
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| IPA – number | 101 |
| IPA – text | p |
| IPA – image |  |
| Entity | p |
| X-SAMPA | p |
| Kirshenbaum | p |
 Sound sample (help·info) |
|
The voiceless bilabial plosive is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is p, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is p. The voiceless bilabial plosive in English is spelled with 'p', as in pit or speed.
[p] is missing from about 10% of languages that have a [b]. (See voiced velar plosive for another such gap.) This is an areal feature of the "circum-Saharan zone" (Africa north of the equator, including the Arabian peninsula). It is not known how old this areal feature is, and whether it might be a recent phenomenon due to Arabic as a prestige language (Arabic lost its /p/ in prehistoric times), or whether Arabic was itself affected by a more ancient areal pattern. It is found in other areas as well; for example, in Europe, Proto-Celtic and Old Basque are both reconstructed as having [b] but no [p].
Nonetheless, the [p] sound is very common cross-linguistically. Most languages have at least a plain [p], and some distinguish more than one variety. Many Indo-Aryan languages, such as Hindi, have a two-way contrast between aspirated and plain [p].
Contents |
[edit] Features
Features of the voiceless bilabial plosive:
- Its manner of articulation is plosive or stop, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract.
- Its place of articulation is bilabial which means it is articulated with both lips.
- Its phonation type is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.
[edit] Varieties of the voiceless bilabial plosive
| IPA | X-SAMPA | Description |
|---|---|---|
| p | p | plain p |
| pʰ | p_h | aspirated p |
| pʲ | p' (or p_j) | palatalized p |
| pʷ | p_w | labialized p |
| p̚ | p_} | unreleased p |
| p̌ | p_v | voiced p |
| pʼ | p_> | ejective p |
[edit] Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Catalan[1] | parallamps | [ˌpaɾəˈʎams] | 'lightning conductor' | See Catalan phonology | |
| Chinese | Mandarin | 爆炸/bàozhà | [pɑʊ˥˩ ʈʂa˥˩] | 'to explode' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Standard Mandarin |
| Czech | pes | [pɛs] | 'dog' | See Czech phonology | |
| Dutch[2] | plicht | [plɪxt] | 'duty' | See Dutch phonology | |
| English | pack | [pʰæk] | 'pack' | See English phonology | |
| French[3] | pomme | [pɔm] | 'apple' | See French phonology | |
| German | Pack | [pʰak] | 'pile' | See German phonology | |
| Greek | πόδι | [ˈpo̞ði] | 'leg' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Hindi | पल | [pəl] | 'moment' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindi-Urdu phonology | |
| Hungarian | pápa | [paːpɒ] | 'pope' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Italian[4] | papà | [paˈpa] | 'dad' | See Italian phonology | |
| Japanese[5] | ポスト/posuto | [posɯto] | 'mailbox' | See Japanese phonology | |
| Korean | 풀/pul | [pʰul] | 'grass' | See Korean phonology | |
| Maltese | aptit | [aptit'] | 'appetite' | ||
| Norwegian | pappa | [pɑpːɑ] | 'dad' | See Norwegian phonology | |
| Pashto | پانير | [pɑˈnir] | 'cheese' | ||
| Pirahã | pibaóí | [ˈpìbàóí̯] | 'otter' | ||
| Polish[6] | pas | [pas] (help·info) |
'belt' | See Polish phonology | |
| Portuguese[7] | pai | [paɪ̯] | 'father' | See Portuguese phonology | |
| Romanian | pas | [pas] | 'step' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Russian[8] | плод | [plot] (help·info) |
'fruit' | Contrasts with palatalized form. See Russian phonology | |
| Slovak | pes | [pɛs] | 'dog' | ||
| Spanish[9] | peso | [ˈpe̞so̞] | 'weight' | See Spanish phonology | |
| Swedish | apa | [ˈɑːpʰa] | 'ape' | See Swedish phonology | |
| Tsez | пу | [pʰu] | 'side' | Contrasts with ejective form. | |
| Turkish | kap | [käp] | 'pot' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[10] | pan | [paŋ] | 'bread' | |
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
- ^ Gussenhoven (1992:45)
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
- ^ Okada (1991:94)
- ^ Jassem (2003:103)
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
- ^ Padgett (2003:42)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
- ^ Merrill (2008:108)
[edit] Bibliography
- Carbonell, Joan F. & Joaquim Llisterri (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (1-2): 53-56
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2): 90-94
- Fougeron, Cecile & Caroline L Smith (1993), "Illustrations of the IPA:French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 23 (2): 73-76
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (2): 45-47
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (1): 103-107
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Ana Ma. Fernández-Planas & Josefina Carrera-Sabaté (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255-259
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquipan Zapotec", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38 (1): 107-114
- Okada, Hideo (1991), "Phonetic Representation:Japanese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 21 (2): 94-97
- Padgett, Jaye (2003), "Contrast and Post-Velar Fronting in Russian", Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 21 (1): 39-87
- Rogers, Derek & Luciana d'Arcangeli (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117-121
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
