Whitman massacre
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Whitman massacre (also known as the Walla Walla massacre and the Whitman Incident) was the murder in the Oregon Country on November 29, 1847 of U.S. missionaries Dr. Marcus Whitman and his wife Narcissa Whitman, along with thirteen others. They were killed by Cayuse and Umatilla Indians. The incident began the Cayuse War. It took place in present-day southeastern Washington, near the town of Walla Walla, and was one of the most notorious episodes in the U.S. settlement of the Pacific Northwest. The event was the climax of several years of complex interaction between the Whitmans, who had led the first wagon train along the Oregon Trail, and the local Native Americans.
The killings are usually ascribed in part to a clash of cultures and in part to the inability of Dr. Whitman, a physician, to halt the spread of measles among the Native Americans, who then held Whitman responsible for subsequent deaths. The incident remains controversial to this day: the Whitmans are regarded by some as pioneer heroes; others see them as white settlers who attempted to impose their religion on the Native Americans and otherwise unjustly intrude. See Cayuse War Causes for more on the culture clash theory.
Contents |
[edit] Causes
[edit] Outbreak of violence
On November 29, Tiloukaikt, Tomahas, Kiamsumpkin, Iaiachalakis, and Klokomas, enraged by the talk of Joe Lewis, attacked Waiilatpu. Henry and Eliza Spalding's daughter was staying at Waiilatpu when the massacre occurred. Luckily, Eliza was returned to her parents by Peter Skene Ogden, an official of Hudson's Bay Company. Dr. Whitman was dismembered and mangled beyond recognition. Although fatally wounded, he lived for several hours after the attack, mostly unconscious. Narcissa was shot in the chest by Joe Lewis, but died from multiple gunshot wounds after she had been coaxed to leave the house. Besides Whitman and his wife, those killed included Andrew Rogers, Jacob Hoffman, L. W. Saunders, Walter Marsh, John Sager, Francisco Sager, Nathan Kimball, Isaac Gilliland, James Young, Crocket Bewley and Amos Sales. Peter Hall, a carpenter who had been working on the house, managed to escape the massacre and get to Fort Walla Walla to raise the alarm and get help. From there he attempted to get to Fort Vancouver but never arrived. It is speculated that Hall drowned in the Columbia River or was caught and killed.
Another 54 women and children were captured and held for ransom, including the daughter of Jim Bridger and the girls of the Sager orphans. Several of the prisoners died in captivity, including Helen Mar Meek and Louise Sager, usually from illness such as the measles. One month following the massacre, on December 29, on orders from Chief Factor James Douglas, Peter Ogden arranged for an exchange of 62 blankets, 63 cotton shirts, 12 Hudson Bay rifles, 600 loads of ammunition, 7 pounds of tobacco and 12 flints for the return of the now 49 surviving prisoners. The Hudson's Bay Company never billed the American settlers for the ransom, nor was payment ever offered. Chief "Beardy" tried in vain to stop the massacre, but did not succeed. He was found crying while riding towards the Waiilatpu Mission.
A few years later, after further violence in what would become known as the Cayuse War, some of the settlers insisted that the matter was still unresolved. The new governor, General Mitchell Lambertsen, took a group to go and demanded the surrender of those who carried out the Whitman mission killings. The head chief attempted to explain why they had killed the whites, and that the war that followed (the Cayuse War) had resulted in a greater loss of his own people than the number killed at the mission.
The explanation was not accepted. Eventually, tribal leaders Tiloukaikt and Tomahas, who had been present at the original incident, and three additional Cayuse men consented to go to Oregon City (then capital of Oregon), to be tried for murder. Oregon Supreme Court justice Orville C. Pratt presided over the trial, with U.S. Attorney Amory Holbrook as the prosecutor.[1][2] In the lengthy trial the Native Americans were found guilty with Hiram Straight as foreman of the jury of twelve.[2] Newly appointed Territorial Marshall Joseph Meek, seeking revenge for the death of his daughter Helen, was also involved with the process. The decision was controversial because it was suspected that the witnesses in the trial had not actually been present at the Whitman massacre. On June 3, 1850, Tiloukaikt, Tomahas, Kiamasumpkin, Iaiachalakis, and Klokomas were publicly hanged for their involvement in the massacre. Isaac Keele served as the hangman.
The story of the massacre shocked the United States Congress into action concerning the future territorial status of the Oregon Country. The Oregon Territory was finally established on August 14, 1848.
[edit] Footnotes
 |
This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2008) |
[edit] References
- ^ The Whitman Massacre Trial: An indictment is issued. Oregon State Archives. Retrieved on March 3, 2008.
- ^ a b The Whitman Massacre Trial: A Verdict is Reached. Oregon State Archives. Retrieved on February 18, 2008.
- "Sequel to the Walla Walla Massacre", Army and Navy Journal 1 Nov 1879, cited on p.407 of Helen Hunt Jackson, A Century of Dishonor, 1887, LCCN 02-15270.
- William Henry Gray, A History of Oregon, 1792-1849, drawn from personal observation and authentic information..., Harris and Holman: 1870, pp.464 [1]
- Albert Hurtado, Indian Survival on the California Frontier (Yale Western Americana Series), Vail-Ballou Press: 1988, p.71 (ISBN 0-300-04798-3).
[edit] External links
- National Parks Service, Whitman Massacre
- The Whitman Massacre
- The Whitman Massacre Trial: A Clash of Cultures Oregon State Archives
- Mary Marsh Cason's - survivor account
- Elam Young's account
- Walla Walla Treaty Council, 1855
|
||||||||||||||||||||||
Coordinates: 46°02′32″N 118°27′51″W / 46.04222°N 118.46417°W
